Free eye tests – what you are entitled to Microfiche readers and control screens are also display equipment. Computer monitors are often referred to as visual display units (VDUs) in health and safety terminology. What is display screen equipment (DSE)?ĭisplay screen equipment includes computer monitors or displays that are used to display information. Your employer must let you take regular breaks or regular changes in activity. It’s also helpful to change the type of work you are doing – especially if you can change to a type of work that does not involve looking at computer monitors. If working with computer displays is a significant part of your working life then you should minimise the risks of prolonged use by taking regular breaks. If you experience any of these symptoms you should visit an optician for an eye test, to rule out anything more serious. Other symptoms of computer vision syndrome are difficulty focussing on distant objects, headaches, dry eyes and eye strain. Computer vision syndromeĬomputer vision syndrome is a common condition among frequent monitor users, with symptoms ranging from tired eyes to blurry vision. ![]() Free eye tests – what you are entitled toĪlthough extensive research by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has found no evidence that computer monitors cause eye diseases or permanent damage, it is still known and accepted that using display screen equipment for many hours can cause discomfort and eye strain.What is display screen equipment (DSE)?.
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![]() If you identify information that you believe to be incorrect or outdated, let us know. While CNN has attempted to clean this data, it may still contain errors. Employee totals, which the SBA refers to as “jobs retained,” refers to the number of employees as reported by the borrower and may not necessarily reflect the number of workers kept employed with PPP funds. Data for those and cancelled loans is not included in this database.īecause the SBA released loan amounts in ranges, date, business type, industry, state and county totals represent minimum estimates. ![]() Dollar amounts represent loan amounts approved by lenders and not necessarily the amount of money disbursed to businesses.įor loans worth less than $150,000, the SBA released anonymized data by state. This data represents about 13% of the 4.8 million loans and about 73% of the $521 billion approved under the PPP to date. ![]() The data in this database was published by the Small Business Administration (SBA) on Jand includes all approved, active Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans worth $150,000 or more. Morgan Jack Henry & Associates Jaffe, Raitt, Heuer & Weiss Javelin Strategy & Research Johns Hopkins Federal Credit Union Johnson Financial Group Juniper Payments K&L Gates KBC Bank Kelley Drye & Warren LLP KeyBank Knoxville TVA Employees Credit Union Kotapay Launch Credit Union Lead Bank Legends. Email or, if you need to reach us securely, visit cnn.com/tips. iStream Financial Services IU Credit Union J.P. Do you have information about the Paycheck Protection Program or any of the businesses or loans in this database? We’d like to hear from you. ![]() The water depths for each of the fields range from 5800 to 7000 ft and are offset between 6 to 13 miles from the facility. The Na Kika base development consists of five oil and gas fields in the Mississippi Canyon area of the Gulf of Mexico tied-back to a central floating oil and gas processing facility. In addition, the production chemistry engineers should be able to effectively communicate their technical decisions and associated reasoning and values provided with the project stakeholders.Ībstract. In addition, one case study describes the operational experiences where the impact of production chemistry was incorrectly assessed and a production loss was incurred during Operations stage.īased on these case studies, production chemistry engineers should be cognizant of the impact of their decisions on the projects including threat assessment and barrier selection throughout the project lifetime. In a number of cases, production chemistry engineers correctly evaluated the project threats during engineering design, leading to a correct selection of preventative barriers which proved to be financially favorable, and reduced HSSE risks throughout life of the asset. This paper provides a number of case studies. Moreover, this paper will highlight the criticality of engaging production chemistry at the appropriate project phase to get the desired outcome. The objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of understanding the financial impact of production chemistry decisions to safety, production assurance, operational expenditure (OPEX) and capital expenditure (CAPEX) for Project and Operations. The root causes of many of these deferrals can be attributed to late or unstructured production chemistry involvement during the Project stage and limited support during Operations stage. The impact of getting it wrong can be severe, leading to deferrals and increased operational costs. Production chemistry threats in Project and Operations represent a significant challenge to safe and competitive operations. The Production Chemistry threats to business are getting more challenging and frequent, reflecting the changing complexity of our Project and Operations portfolio (deeper water and complex interventions, longer subsea tie backs leading to colder fluids and more wax / hydrate challenges or smaller tieback to hosts operated by others yielding compatibility challenges). So how does Production Chemistry discipline play a role in this? Can we use the discipline to enhance or accelerate production? And what happens if we get it wrong? Will it have a detrimental impact on production? A production chemistry engineer can also contribute in improving project cycle time and finishingĪccording to a recent study, more than 50 percent of the world's energy currently comes from oil and natural gas. ![]() project design and simplification of the original project design, leading to aĢ. Production chemistry engineers can make sound engineering decisions that prevent the business from Include mineral scale deposition, asphaltene deposition, gas hydrate blockage, reservoir so.įigure 1-Cumulative cash flow for a project as a function of timeĪ production chemistry engineer can positively impact the value of the Project to business and the projectĬash flow in at. Precipitation, solids deposition, and challenges in phase separation. Mainly physicochemical or fluid behavior associated with chemical reactions, colloidal dispersio.ns, solid The nature of the fluid related risks pertaining to production chemistry is Production chemistry is the subject of identification of fluid related risks, prediction of potential severity The Production Chemistry threats to business are getting more challenging and frequent, reflecting the ![]() what happens if we get it wrong? Will it have a detrimental impact So how does Production Chemistry discipline play a role in this? Can we use the discipline toĮnhance or accelerate production? And. Ping Zhang, Lorraine Harris, Muge Demirogl.y, more than 50 percent of the world's energy currently comes from oil and Production Chemistry: Exposing Hidden Treasures or Generating Completion Installation and Operations (551). ![]() If you notice any product assigned to incorrect region on GG.deals, contact us and we will correct the listing as soon as possible. Before you buy MAGIX Fastcut Plus 2017 Steam Edition, please check the store page for any information about activation restrictions in your region. However, some shops don’t share information regarding regional locks in their product feeds and that can lead to some very occasional mistakes. We always try to make sure that price displayed in our comparison is assigned to the correct regions. If the price is still too high, create a price alert and receive an email notification when MAGIX Fastcut Plus 2017 Steam Edition matches your budget! Does MAGIX Fastcut Plus 2017 Steam Edition cd key activate in my region? Check the price history of the game to determine how good the deal is in relation to historical low offers. All offers already include discounts from vouchers to save you time and money. GG.deals aggregates game keys from over 40 digital distribution stores so you can find the best deals on video games. Use slow motion effects to make your direct hits, stunts, spectacular explosions and funny moments truly epic. Game trailers and previews for game developersįastcut Plus 2017 Steam Edition lets game developers quickly and easily cut together trailers and gameplay previews for their games. Commercial licenses for the music included in the software can be obtained from catooh. All songs are available in lengths of 30 to 180 seconds and are license-free, so they can be used for non-commercial purposes. Simply use the new highlight function to set the marks and Fastcut Plus 2017 Steam Edition integrates them perfectly in your video.Īdd titles, subtitles and closing credits in your videos: You can add subtitles and customize the color, font, size and speed of text transitions.Įpic, dramatic or simply fantastic? Fastcut Plus 2017 Steam Edition includes a wide range of tracks from genres such as dubstep or movie scores. Make sure that the intended capture is integrated into the video. Simply trim the song to the length you want, use the beat detection and save as a template. As you wish: Show your video online or on the go – there are no limitsĬreate your own templates from your favorite songs: Thanks to automatic beat recognition, you don't even have to set the cuts yourself.Do It Yourself: Manual editing – for the perfect finishing touch.Unrivalled look: Trendy effects & filters for every style.Perfect sound: Remove background noise & add or delete camera sound.Set highlights: Integrate your favorite scenes flawlessly and automatically in your video.Customized: Create your own templates from your favorite tracks.For every mood: More than 60 dynamic templates including music.Top quality: Presets for HD and 4K export no previous experience required.For when you're in a hurry: Automatic video editing for your clips.You can upload completed clips directly from Fastcut Plus 2017 Steam Edition to YouTube, Facebook or vimeo. Simply select an editing template with music, drag & drop to add effects, adjust the colors and your montage is ready to go. ![]() Fastcut Plus 2017 Steam Edition automatically cuts your footage to fit the beat. Video editing is now so easy that anyone can do it. This lets you create your own creative montages, and quickly share your favorite moments with your community.įastcut Plus 2017 Steam Edition works with most standard video formats, such as those made with FRAPS, OBS, Bandicam and other screen capture programs, action cams, webcams, smartphones and tablets. Start editing your best clips fully automatically – to fit the beat of the music. ![]() We did publish the Jaikoz X roadmap last year - I apologize for being behind schedule but this broadly describes the new features and improvements I want to add to Jaikoz this year.Īlthough it has been quiet this year I think the yearly basis is better than version basis, since whether something is a major versions is rather arbitary whereas passing a fee for one year of updates at least defines a clear time period. But now the version updates model has made Jaikoz more viable I am excited to get back into Jaikoz, and plan one release every 3 months. Hi, yes Jaikoz has been very quiet this year, and that is because firstly I had alot of committments related to SongKong work, and secondly I wasn’t sure on my Jaikoz plans. However Songkong has gone from 4.13 to 5.13 in that time period and has added a tonne of new features.ĭo you have a roadmap of Jaikoz releases for the next year to date to help me decied how to proceed? Not really a massive change in functionality. ![]() I can see the Sonkong/Logs (and not SonKong/log) new created repertory, but it remains empty (no log anymore). And this, according to the published installation method,(USB Key inserted Within 'Expansion' USB port, and waiting 5 minutes) after restart the N1. I’m not against paying for upgrades, however doing it on a yearly rather version basis relies on the developer actually making new versions within that time frame.įor example had I bought one year of upgrades for Jaikoz this time last year I would have only gone from v9.3 to v9.4/9.4.1. Bonjour Paul, I’m trying to install SongKong In My N1. Duplicate Cleaner Pro Crack is an efficient program who allows you to detect all. (one of the improvements we wil be making is storing settings in a plain text file) Jump to How To Download/Crack/Activate or Install Duplicate Cleaner. The way round this is to retrieve your C:\Users\ username\Jaikoz\settings.jai file from backup and replace after install to get your original settings back. SongKong.app/Contents/Java/poi-ooxml-4.1.2.jar:/Applications/SongKong.app/. However after reinstalling earlier version it will not be able to understand the later settings so will replace with defaults on start up. Host: Macmini6,2 x8664 2300 MHz, 8 cores, 8G, Darwin 19.4.0. 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore e-mail: singkong.lee. This will not delete your your license or settings as these are stored in C:\Users\ username\Jaikoz. the Table 4.1 Assessment and teaching of 21st century skills project. Paid.sardu multiboot creator build a multiboot usb stick or other removable for pc and mac with utilities, antivirus.firewall builder is a gui firewall configuration.scegli il piano tutto incluso o firewall support with activex.firewall builder consists of a gui and set of. If you want to go back to earlier version you should first of all remove existing version of Jaikoz because on Windows the installer wont overwrite newer files with older files, on Windows the easiest thing to do is simply delete the C:/Program Files/Jthink/Jaikoz folder. Firewall builder is multi platform object oriented firewall configuration.firewall builder for mac. I would advise updating since there a lot of fixes to how Jaikoz writes metadata to files that may have an effect when using your metadata with other applications, paying for a version update will give you at least a year of all new versions not just this one. So, you could be a business consultant, coach, or a teacher who’d like a more professional way of taking notes instead of using bits and pieces of paper. Annotations tools can add additional information and feedback on presentations, case studies, whiteboards, and more. The additional information can be drawn visually or added using a text editor.Īnd we are not talking of just web designs. What Is an Annotation Tool?Īn annotation tool is an application to add additional information to a page, image, or database. In this article, we’ve covered the best design feedback and annotation tools for web designers.īefore we get started, let’s dive into some basics. Web annotations tools are a huge time saver and help collaborate and get feedback quickly. You also get to add comments once the changes have been made to keep everyone up to date. Clients get to provide feedback visually, and you (or your team) get to see precisely what changes are required. Using an annotation tool, the entire feedback process is simplified. What if there’s an easier way to get feedback from clients? What if clients could provide you with visual feedback that you and your team can view? And all this, without any of you having to leave the comfort of your desk. You repeat the same process until your client has approved your work. If you work in a team, you’ve got to coordinate and ensure that every team member is up to speed with the required changes. ![]() You’ve got a clear understanding of the design feedback and can start implementing those changes. We’re guessing it could be via emails going back and forth, online Zoom calls at a time convenient for your clients, and if you are in the same town, one on one meetings. Pick one of the tools on our list, and start annotating.Are you a freelancer, web designer, or website developer who creates websites for clients? If so, how do you receive design feedback? How do you annotate a website? (+ Example) They typically come with a set of drawing tools like arrows, rectangles, ovals, and others to make it easy to get your point across. Website annotation tools let you annotate, highlight, or mark up any webpage. Frequently Asked Questions What is a website annotation tool? ![]() With a bit of creativity, it can also be used as a website feedback tool! Hypothes.is is a great tool for students looking to better organize their web research: Marker.ioĪnnotate text on any web page and organize your group notes. Here are the best website annotation and markup tools in 2023. Let’s have a look! 15 Best Website Annotation Tools Send feedback and bug reports straight to your favorite issue trackerīecause there are dozens of options out there, it’s not always obvious what the right decision is.Add sticky notes and comments for team members to read through.Take screenshots at the click of a button.Give visual feedback on website functionality with markups.Highlight text or other problematic elements. ![]() With the right annotation tools, you can: What if you could directly annotate and markup a website instead? The never-ending back-and-forth between all stakeholders will turn any sane project manager crazy. In this post, we’ll go over 15 website annotation tools, their best use cases, and how to use them to their maximum efficiency.Īt every stage of a website development project, you’ll have to brace yourself for yet another round of feedback:Ĭolor-coded Google Docs, spreadsheets, poorly annotated screenshots-it’s a mess. ![]() Proceed to pass Go and collect 200 credits. 32-bit builds of Chrome for Windows are not being retired. This change does not affect Windows users. Mac mini Mac Pro Mac Studio MacBook Air MacBook Pro 13' MacBook Pro 14 & 16'. Step 2: Tap on the three-dot menu at the upper right corner and go to Settings. ![]() ![]() Here, click on Options next to Bookmarks if the feature isn’t already checked. Next, you need to launch the iCloud desktop app, sign in with your Apple account to access the main menu. Click on Add to Chrome to install the extension. Step 1: Open Google Chrome browser on your Windows or Mac device. Open Google Chrome and head over to the Chrome Web Store and get the iCloud Bookmarks extension. Chrome 87 the last release for 2020 otherwise ships with the 'largest gain in Chrome. CPU usage is immensely important when choosing a web browser. Google has identified a fix and will be making it available soon, according to the support manager. The steps to remove extension on the Chrome browser is the same on both the platforms. Chrome will only sync this data on your approved devices, so you can rest easy that your information is safe. Maintaining an entire arch might be too costly for little gain. Google Chrome looks and feels identical on both Windows and Mac. But it won’t be an easy (or worthwhile) feat, as Opera told Chromium is our upstream we're patching (and upstreaming) a lot. Other browsers, including Mozilla Firefox, are likely to remain available and updated in 32-bit versions.Ĭhromium being an open-source project means that, in theory, there’s nothing to stop community ports filling the seat vacated by Chrome proper. Users of affected platforms will still be able to use Chrome after the axe, however it will not receive any future updates. Apple no longer provides updates or newer releases of their operating systems for systems running 32-bit Intel CPUs. The cull is largely confined to hardware sold between January 2006 and August 2007 and using an Intel Core Solo or Core Duo processor.Īs sad as the news is it’s not entirely unexpected. The news means anyone using a 32-bit only Intel Macbook, iMac or Mac Mini won’t be able to update to newer versions of Chrome from later next month. The plan was announced, in traditional ‘bury bad news’ style, in the middle of the release post for the 64-bit Chrome beta for Mac. Google is to quietly retire support for 32-bit versions of OS X later this year. If at any point in time you want to revert the change and return to Safari as the default Mac browser, simply choose Safari as the default web browser in the General System Preferences panel again.Still rocking an early Intel Macbook or iMac? If so, you might want to grab the nearest rock and hide underneath: you’re about to become Chromeless. You can also set the default browser to Chrome on first launch of the Chrome browser, or through Chrome itself if you’d rather go that route. How to Set Google Chrome the Default Browser on Mac. Now every link you click will open automatically in Chrome (or Chrome Canary) rather than Safari.Īs you may have noticed, you can actually choose any available browser to be the default web browser on Mac through this setting Google has announced early access to Chrome OS Flex, a method of replacing the operating system on older PCs and Macs 'within minutes' to. First navigate to the top right of chrome, where there is an icon with three dots: then choose More Tools > Clear Browsing Data. Look for “Default Web Browser” and choose ‘Google Chrome’ or ‘Google Chrome Canary’ as the default web browser you’d like to use Wednesday Febru3:31 am PST by Tim Hardwick. To fix this, you just need to clear the cache.Pull down the Apple menu and choose “System Preferences”.You can set Chrome or Chrome Canary as the default this way: How to Make Chrome the Default Web Browser for Mac Heres the listing: Macs supported by Google Chrome OS Flex. This contrasts to Safari, which, while it’s an excellent web browser, is limited to Apple devices and thus is not usable by Windows, Linux, and Android users, and can’t share sessions, bookmarks, and tabs with those platforms. Also: Apples M1 Pro MacBook Pro is an amazing Windows 11 laptop. Using Chrome as your default browser on a Mac is particularly advantageous for multi-platform users, since if you also use Chrome as the default in Windows, Android, Linux, and if you’ve also set Chrome as the default browser on iPhone and iPad, you can easily move your browsing session around any device or machine, regardless of the platform. This computer will no longer receive Google Chrome updates because macOS 10.6 - 10.12 are no longer supported. ![]() Creative Expressions Echo Park Elizabeth Craft Designs Fabric Die Cutting System Fairy Hugs. Scored at 2 3/4" and 5" Red Cardstock ~ 1 piece cut for a 1/2" circle ~ 1 pice cut to 1/4" x 3 1/4" for stripe Other colors ~1 piece of yellow cut to 1/4" x 3 1/4" for stripe ~1 piece of blue cut. From practical to awe-inspiring, this collection offers a selection of premium papers, envelopes, and packaging solutions. Lawn Fawn Spring 2023 Collection - COLLECTIONS Lawn Fawn Spring 2023 Collection. I think you can also buy it at Fedex Office (Kinkos). Score at 2", 3", and 5 1/4" ~1 black circle at 1 3/4", 1/2" and 5/8" ~ 1 piece cut to 1" for the bar White Cardstock: ~ 1 piece of white cardstock cut to 4"x 5 1/4". Neenah Creative Collection item 98712 (barcode 759598987124) multiple colors: red, orange, green, and yellow. ![]() Materials Chemica WALAPaper Neenah Forever Wide Format Transfer Paper. Measurements: Black Cardstock: ~ 1 piece of black cardstock cut to 4 1/2” x 8". I received my Cricut maker 3 today and have spent hours trying to set up the. Cardstock paper for signs, posters, notices, and other uses 8.5'W x 11'L for standard-size printing Paper weight: 65 lbs. Read more → Instant Camera Pop Up Card Tutorial Compatible with most printers, this Neenah Paper Creative Collection Starter specialty cardstock is perfect for designing your own custom announcements, invitations, and other paper projects. So grab those supplies and let's create! Supplies used: Sweet Stuff Stamp set Neenah Metallic Cardstock Neenah Cardstock Versafine Clair inks Circle Punches HW Roladex Punch Scallop Circle punch Crop-a-dile Hole Punch Crop-a-dile Angle Chomper Paper Crimper EK Tools Scoreboard Embossing Stylus Tool Art Glitter Glue Cricut Trimmer Bone Folder Signo. But don't worry if you don't have one of those punch boards, she has a trick for that too. Today Maymay shows you how to make this adorable Robot treat holder using punches and the 123 Punch board. ![]() We all need those last minute Valentine treat holders and especially ones for lil boys. Premium paper Ideal for card making, invitations, party crafts, decorations and more 25 sheets, 24 lb, 11.5 x 11 in. International heART Scripture Stamp of the Month Club.International Original Stamp of the Month Club.heART Scripture Stamp of the Month Club (State Side).Original Stamp of the Month Club (State Side). This way you will never miss the ring unless of course, you prefer otherwise. It is equally important for your alarm to be loud as well as long-lasting. So, it is always a good decision to go for timers that support higher decibels. What good is a timer if it does not come with a clear alarm sound? You surely do not want to keep looking at your timer and would want it to remind you of your work even when you are away. Your choice of kitchen timer will allow you to clip it on your cloth apron or at least hang it around your neck when you are away from the kitchen. ![]() Portability is only offered when it is compact and lightweight. It becomes more convenient when you get to carry it with you. 2.PortabilityĪn ideal kitchen timer is one that can be used inside and outside the kitchen area. Your choice of kitchen timer should be fine around water splashes, humidity, heat and must allow to wipe off grease and fat easily. So, you would want your kitchen timer to be able to withstand extreme environments. Things to Consider Before Buying the Best Kitchen Timers 1. They are usually freestanding or can be wall mounted. They tend to also have a clock function, but digital timers can be more awkward to program than a mechanical timer and batteries may sometimes run down during timing. The main disadvantage with mechanical timers is that their time limit is usually 60 minutes maximum.Įlectronic timers usually have a longer time range than mechanical timers, often up to 24 hours, or some may even run to 99 hours. These timers are sometimes available with larger digits for those with limited vision and this type of timer is much easier to use than programming a digital timer. It then counts down, usually with an audible tick, until it reaches zero and then the ringer goes off. Mechanical timers are the more traditional timer, which you work by turning part of the timer to the time needed. Also, it is suggested that you avoid placing it in high humidity areas. ![]() The LCD screen is made of breakage proof clear plastic acrylic material called pmma, which is more durable and sturdy than regular glass.Įven though the timer is waterproof, you should be careful not to keep it directly in front of heavy water as it may then be damaged. The timer is further programmed with a low battery indicator which makes you aware when you are running on a low battery (battery power lower than 2.75V) by showing a signal on the LCD screen. However, the suction cup will not work that well on tiles, and the timer can fall off so, be aware not to risk it. You can use the stand for placing it on your tabletop, use the in-built hole for hanging or mounting it or go for the suction cup that makes it convenient for hanging on glass, window, mirror, granite, and stainless steel. ![]() The 3 mounting options that it offers are another factor that makes this our top choice. The loud and clear but not too deafening alarm sound keeps you alerted even when you are not in the same room as the timer. The timer has a time display of both 12 and 24-hour modes that can be switched. ![]() Related compounds Ī plant in Bangladesh that produces urea fertilizer. Alternatively, adding 25–50 mM ammonium chloride to a concentrated urea solution decreases formation of cyanate because of the common ion effect. However, cyanate will build back up to significant levels within a few days. cyanate) with a mixed-bed ion-exchange resin and storing that solution at 4 ☌ is a recommended preparation procedure. Dissolving urea in ultrapure water followed by removing ions (i.e. For this reason, pure urea solutions should be freshly prepared and used, as aged solutions may develop a significant concentration of cyanate (20 mM in 8 M urea). Each carbamylation event adds 43 daltons to the mass of the protein, which can be observed in protein mass spectrometery. This hydrolysis cogenerates isocyanic acid, which can carbamylate proteins, in particular the N-terminal amino group and the side chain amino of lysine, and to a lesser extent the side chains of arginine and cysteine. In aqueous solution, urea slowly equilibrates with ammonium cyanate. In the presence of heat, urea breaks down to form isocyanate. Urea reacts with malonic esters to make barbituric acids. Via isocyanic acid, heating urea converts to a range of condensation products including biuret NH 2CONHCONH 2, triuret NH 2CONHCONHCONH 2, guanidine HNC(NH 2) 2, and melamine: CO(NH 2) 2 + HNCO → NH 2CONHCONH 2 NH 2CONHCONH 2 + HNCO → NH 2CONHCONHCONH 2 Molten urea decomposes into ammonia gas and isocyanic acid: It is also a Lewis base forming complexes of the type n+. The resulting crystals have been used to separate racemic mixtures. This is determined when the crystal is nucleated and can thus be forced by seeding. Īs the helices are interconnected, all helices in a crystal must have the same molecular handedness. In these so-called clathrates, the organic "guest" molecules are held in channels formed by interpenetrating helices composed of hydrogen-bonded urea molecules. ![]() Urea's high aqueous solubility reflects its ability to engage in extensive hydrogen bonding with water.īy virtue of its tendency to form porous frameworks, urea has the ability to trap many organic compounds. The carbon in urea is described as sp 2 hybridized, the C-N bonds have significant double bond character, and the carbonyl oxygen is basic compared to, say, formaldehyde. The resulting dense and energetically favourable hydrogen-bond network is probably established at the cost of efficient molecular packing: The structure is quite open, the ribbons forming tunnels with square cross-section. In solid urea, the oxygen center is engaged in two N–H–O hydrogen bonds. Properties Molecular and crystal structure This showed for the first time that a substance previously known only as a byproduct of life could be synthesized in the laboratory without biological starting materials, thereby contradicting the widely held doctrine of vitalism, which stated that only living organisms could produce the chemicals of life. In 1828 Friedrich Wöhler discovered that urea can be produced from inorganic starting materials, which was an important conceptual milestone in chemistry. Urea is widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen (N) and is an important raw material for the chemical industry. The liver forms it by combining two ammonia molecules ( NH 3) with a carbon dioxide ( CO 2) molecule in the urea cycle. The body uses it in many processes, most notably nitrogen excretion. Dissolved in water, it is neither acidic nor alkaline. It is a colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water, and practically non-toxic ( LD 50 is 15 g/kg for rats). Urea is New Latin, from French urée, from Ancient Greek οὖρον ( ouron, "urine"), itself from Proto-Indo-European *h₂worsom. Urea serves an important role in the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine of mammals. It is thus the simplest amide of carbamic acid. This amide has two amino groups (– NH 2) joined by a carbonyl functional group (–C(=O)–). Urea, also known as carbamide, is an organic compound with chemical formula CO(NH 2) 2. |
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